Commemorate the historic ties between the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations and the City of Edmonton. Treaty 6 was the biggest piece of legislation between Plains Cree Leaders and the colonial government. However, Morris told the Cree that they would find themselves crowded by settlers unless they settled on reserves. [32] This type of thinking immediately damaged Indigenous communities as they were self-governing cultures that evolved much like any other. It was a tough decision to make. The government wanted tribes to become more democratic in its governing of the reserves and rely less on the chiefs who traditionally were the leaders of the community. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? [56] The tactic of withholding food from reserves will be used by the Canadian government to force cooperation. We want cattle, tools, agricultural implements, and assistance in everything when we come to settle- our country is no longer able to support us. As stated previously, part of what the Cree wanted to be reflected by the terms of Treaty 6 was an end to the factionalism that had pitted the younger members of the Cree community against the older Indigenous Leadership. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. + - This map is a work in progress. What benefits did the newcomers receive through treaty six? Other Nations held them in fear(Stonechild and Waiser 5). Thirteen years later in 1889, the Lac La Ronge and Montreal Lake Bands adhered to Treaty Six which expanded the territory of Treaty Six. Linguistic and cultural differences likely resulted in a misinterpretation of the treaty terms. He related that the First Nations Chiefs wanted to know if it was true that their lands were being sold. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. [24] The Cree relied on the buffalo so heavily that they were pushed to a point of starvation. Morris did not understand that Chief Beardy and the Willow Cree declined to negotiate Treaty because it did not follow Beardy's vision, not because of the treaty itself. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signedTREATY 6on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. [15] This figure held no real identity and did not appear to anyone in visions or contact. Treaty 6 peoples have also protected their treaty rights through land claims and lawsuits. In Morris address he described the governments genuine concern for the welfare of their Indian brothers and sisters and asked them to take his words with much thought and to look to the future, what I will promise, and what I believe and hope you will take, is to last as long as the sun shines and yonder rivers flow. (, During discussions, Gov. Just before the Treaty party left Fort Pitt, Big Bear arrived and asked to speak with Morris. The Constitution of the United States was drafted and ratified, and it came into force on March 4, 1789. The peak of the conflict came in 1861 when the Blackfoot had threatened to kill any Cree, Metis, or white man whom they stumbled upon. Our young men are foolish, it may not last long. What is the difference between Treaty 6 and 7? He suggested to Morris that the government needed to preserve what buffalo herds were left, so that they could all share equally. Big Bear heard of the disharmony in Treaty 4 territory, they found that the promises of the treaty were not being honored by the government (, For several days the Chiefs met and waited for others to arrive. What happened when Chief Sweetgrass signed Treaty 6? While it sometimes would go to the eldest son of the previous chief, an incompetent man would not be given the position. [3] Sweet Grass and Big Bear had formed a war party for this exact purpose as stated previously. Sweet Grass understood the sacrifices that needed to be made for the bettering of the band. Included would be a medicine chest kept at the Indian Agents homes for the use of the First Nations but at the discretion of the Indian Agent. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). per family of five. His brother believed that they had given too much to the government in the treaty. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. Historians Arthur J. Ray, Jim Miller and Frank Tough have argued that this ceremony was significant to the Cree because it invited the Creator to provide guidance to the negotiators and to witness the treaty discussions. . Chief Sweetgrass, a well respected leader was chosen to be the spokesman for the meeting with Christie (, In the years of 1872 to 1875 there was pressure on the Canadian government from the First Nations in the prairies to address treaties. Beardy was not granted his request to have the treaty payments made at the site he had envisioned, Morris did not want to accommodate Beardy and viewed his lack of participation in the negotiations as an inconvenience to the process (, On September 5, 1876, the Treaty party arrived ten days earlier than expected at Fort Pitt, (located between Fort Carlton and Fort Edmonton) to meet the River First Nations. The same significant ceremony of the pipe stem opened the meeting with the participants on September 7, 1876. Siksika (Blackfoot) is the language of Siksika Nation. [17], The position of chief within the Cree varied from tribe to tribe and each had varying levels of authority over the band. He also agreed to give agricultural implements. Who signed treaty 11? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Young men would attach themselves to a hunter or warrior that they admired and followed or shadowed them in performing tasks. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Charter prohibiting the use of force except in self defense. Families had the ability to break away from their current band and join another elsewhere. What was the European perspective of treaty 6. In order to attract the governments attention, in July 1875, the Cree stopped members of the Geological Survey in North Saskatchewan from moving any farther through their territory. [39] The unpreparedness or perhaps unwillingness of the Canadian government to deal with the problems of indigenous peoples continued long after the signing of Treaty 6 but it was Sweet Grass firm belief that this was the best way to ensure that indigenous culture survived.[36]. When Treaty 6 was put forward by the Canadian government in 1876, Sweetgrass was profoundly influential in bringing the Plains Cree into the agreement. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay and wood, and maintained gardens and livestock. A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. (, Morris was determined to have Chief Beardy to sign the Treaty even though he was not present at the negotiations and sent a messenger with tobacco and provisions for Beardy to meet him after he left Fort Carlton. Alexander Morris spoke to those present, promising to offer the same terms as at Fort Carlton. After the raid, they moved back to the reserve with the captured supplies without another incident. Mistawasis asked Pitikwahanapiwiyin, Have you anything better to offer our people? Pitikwahanapiwiyin did not respond to that question directly, but held firm in his beliefs that the treaty terms were unfair and inadequate. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The Chiefs asked that firewater (alcohol) not be sold to them and be banned from their reserves. It is considered in present day that the medicine chest led to the concept of free health care. The buffalo was the plains First Nations livelihood: their source of food, shelter, clothing, and trading goods. Because of these important disagreements with treaty they would refuse to sign and did all they could to protect what was left of the buffalo herds(Dodson 22). [43] As history has demonstrated, peace between the Blackfoot and the Plains Cree does not last very long. In the summer of 1875, messengers from the Canadian government came to Cree territory to inform them that the government would be coming to negotiate a Treaty with them the following summer of 1876. The University of Saskatchewan's main campus is situated onTreaty 6 Territory and the Homeland of the Mtis. Eventually the Cree and Blackfoot negotiated peace and access to the Cypress hills." Erasmus and the other two translators translated to the people the terms of the treaty one more time. Indigenous people were forced to choose between living on reserves, receiving a fixed amount of money every year for the rest of their lives and trying to assimilate and lose their status. What was the Indigenous perspective of treaty 6. agreement between sovereign nations. On 9 September, Weekaskookwasayin addressed the people, arguing that the treaty terms would help preserve and protect their livelihood. Even though Big Bear publicly and consistently spoke against sighing treaties, by 1882 starving, he would sign Treaty 6. British Columbia joined confederation in 1871 and was promised a railway to connect them to eastern Canada. A picture of Sweet Grass is in the archives of the Glenbow Museum. The Treaty promised to give the Tlicho annual payments and services, like medical care, education and old age care. For almost two centuries the Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux held a monopoly over European trade goods and weaponry in the western interior. After resisting sending children into the Canadian school system, the Cree living on the reserve received no food rations, until they capitulated. Sweet Grass or Wikaskokiseyin was born in a Cree Camp in the area near Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. Since the signing of Treaty 6 in 1876, there have been disagreements between Indigenous signatories and the federal government, stemming from misunderstandings about the true meaning and intention of the treaty terms. Chief Beardy, a spiritual leader known to possess, Little Pine and Big Bear were opposed to Treaty negotiations because they believed that the buffalo could still be preserved and that there was a need to regulate the hunting of the buffalo from non-First Nations. To the Canadian delegation, the only legally binding contracts were what was written into the treaty. Chiefs Ahtukukoop and Mistawasis held more influence in Cree political and social circles than Pitikwahanapiwiyin and, as a result, the other chiefs and leaders agreed that entering into a treaty with the Crown was the best option. Dickieson, Mistahimaskwa referred to the treaty as a dreaded rope to be about my neck. Mistahimaskwa was not referring to a literal hanging (which is what some government officials had believed), but to the loss of his and his peoples freedom, and Indigenous loss of control over land and resources. [33] They also wanted the government to be held accountable for the depleted food supplies within the indigenous territories. He resented the notion completely how could the government give them land that they already possessed? A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay and wood, and maintained gardens and livestock. Indigenous people relinquishing titles and privileges to land. However, over-trapping forced tribes to move west to find suitable forest areas. [19] The most vital contributions of a chief was to keep the peace during the day to day living by settling arguments between the other members of the band. In the years of 1872 to 1875 there was pressure on the Canadian government from the First Nations in the prairies to address treaties. These agents were assigned to Indian reserves and bands and attempted to act as a liaison between the Government and First Nation communities. [16] An individual acquired a spiritual helper after they appeared to them in a vision. [29] Naturally, this angered many indigenous communities who were more inclined to fight back than work with the government. Children typically lived a carefree and adventurous childhood. Situated near the North Saskatchewan River, Fort Carleton was a trading post between 1810 and 1885, and the first site for Treaty 6 negotiations. It does not store any personal data. We heard our lands were sold and we did not like it; we dont want to sell our lands; it is our property, and no one has the right to sell them. [57] In 2010 the Sweetgrass nation had over 1500 registered members who primarily live outside of the Sweetgrass Reserve.[55]. [24] However, as European settlers came to the plains, that number dwindled significantly. First Nations were alarmed at the various newcomers coming onto their lands and conducting geological surveys for telegraph lines, the railway, and lands for settlement (Tobias 191). In 1882, Young Sweet Grass and seventeen followers joined Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strikes him on the back), who had signed Treaty 6 at Fort Carlton on August 28, 1876. Edmonton was founded in Treaty No 6 territory and Treaty No 6 Recognition Day recognizes Edmonton's connection with the First peoples of this land. Chief Mistawasis and Chief Ahtahkakoop represented the Carlton Cree. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The treaty also provided twine and ammunition at a value of $1,500 per year, and agricultural implements, such as gardening tools, livestock, horses and wagons. The Queens representative, Alexander Morris, dressed in a cocked hat, blue uniform with gold braid and lace, was accompanied by the North West Mounted Police and treaty commissioners William J. Christie and James McKay. [15] However, this almighty creator appeared to individuals through various sprits such as the bear and horse. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. Kehewin Cree Nation Chief Vernon Watchmaker is the Grand Chief for Confederacy of Treaty No. Who negotiated Treaty 6? Chief Minahikosis (Little Pine) and other Cree leaders of the Saskatchewan District were also opposed to the terms, arguing that the treaty provided little protections for their people. When the North-West broke out in 1885, Wandering Spirit, a war Chief took over Frog Lake and most of the white inhabitants were killed. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? Arthur J. Ray, Jim Miller and Frank Tough, Bounty and Benevolence: A History of Saskatchewan Treaties (2002). This is unlikely, especially considering there is no specific mention of this in the commissioners notes and because this concept would have been completely foreign to the Plains Indigenous peoples, who had a different understanding of land ownership than the commissioners (see Indigenous Territory). Until recent memory, the Plains Cree were masters of their territory, which included much of present-day central Saskatchewan and Alberta. Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. Our country is getting ruined of fur-bearing animals, hitherto or sole support, and now we are poor and want help we want you to pity us. The Cree made it clear that they would not tolerate any trespassers on their lands. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. [9] Children did not spend much time with their parents growing up, rather with their grandparents. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald wantedto expand the new Dominion west to the Pacific Ocean (Dodson 17). Despite it being a highly valuable horse Sweetgrass traded it for an inferior one, understanding the importance of the group over the individual. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? Are catch-up contributions subject to ADP testing. Morris reassured the terms of the treaty, I want the Indians to understand that all that has been offered is a gift, and they still have the same mode of living as before (, Mistawasis had one last request and wanted to know how the Half-Breeds w, That afternoon, Treaty Six was signed by the Treaty Commissioners, the Lieutenant Governor, followed by Chiefs Mistawasis, Ahtahkakoop, and 11 other Chiefs, and 44 Headmen. Commemorate the historic ties between the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations and the City of Edmonton. Sweet Grass during the signing of the treaty was one of the most well-regarded plains Cree chiefs and was given a position of importance during negotiations. On August 22, 1921, Chief Monfwi, representing all Tlicho, signed Treaty 11 with Canada. Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibweleaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. Morris reassured the First Nations that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future. The aim of peace and friendship treaties (1725-1779) to stabilize trade and relations. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT3EjLPW2uw. During discussions, Gov. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. The peoples of Treaty 6 also argue that the treaty needs to be interpreted in a modern context. [17] The soul was able to leave the body during visions where it would accompany their spiritual helper. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. At the time when Sweet Grass was Chief, The Canadian government had pictured what the Indigenous communities were and never changed them. Similarly, clauses promising farming assistance and reserve schools can be interpreted as a promise to provide general economic assistance for Indigenous businesses and access to modern education. Claiming lands for the sake of the tribe b. On the Sweetgrass reserve, the mortality rates would grow after 1885 to 185 per every 1000 people on the reserve. Treaties were signed with First Nations in Canada between 1871 and 1921. In the west, Ruperts land was owned by the Hudsons Bay Company and the North West Territories was owned by the British Crown. They believed that their people would suffer if they did not negotiate a treaty with the federal government. That is all.. Morris knew that he was offering more than the government would have wanted, but he felt it necessary to finalize the deal. Treaty No. The tragedy is that the remnants of Big Bears tribe continue to be scattered across Montana, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. Reverend McKay translated Big Bears words, and when Morris heard this he interpreted it to mean that Big Bear did not want to be hanged by the government. Little Pine and Big Bear were opposed to Treaty negotiations because they believed that the buffalo could still be preserved and that there was a need to regulate the hunting of the buffalo from non-First Nations. They created an iron alliance that enabled them to expand across the northern plains. Welcome to Archive of European Integration - Archive of European . In achieving this, the government had to get permission from the First Nations in the area to surrender their lands and in doing so had to negotiate a Treaty with them. Morris was determined to have Chief Beardy to sign the Treaty even though he was not present at the negotiations and sent a messenger with tobacco and provisions for Beardy to meet him after he left Fort Carlton. The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. This took much time but the Chiefs appeared to be satisfied with what the government was offering. Federal trial and appellate courts . In the face of survival, the Cree started to assemble and meet with one another to discuss their approach to the government. Please note that this form is not intended to provide customer service. Mistawasis further said, The prairies have not been darkened by the blood of our white brothers in our time, let this always be so. Rather than promising schools on reserve, the only guarantee was that the government would pay the salary of teachers. This has led to conflict over the clauses of the agreement. The federal government was not interested in negotiating a treaty at this time, believing that it was not essential, even though local missionaries and government agents tried to convince them otherwise. There typically was a large number of warriors within a band and these men held extremely high prestige. Once the amendments were made to the treaty text, negotiations came to a close. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. On 19 August, Morris was presented with chiefs, but he noticed the absence of the Duck Lake band leaders. By signing an adhesion to a treaty, Indigenous peoples who could not attend or were not initially included in treaty negotiations were able to enter into the terms of that treaty. [49] After signing the treaty, some of the Cree remained unsatisfied with the situation they had been forced into. They created an iron alliance that enabled them to expand across the northern plains. They were mostly Woods Cree and Dene and had not been influenced by Christianity and farming as the others who signed Treaty at Fort Carlton (, Chief James Seenum, a Woods Cree leader from Whitefish Lake requested a larger territory for his reserve, but he was denied (. He was sentenced to three years at Stony Mountain Penitentiary in Manitoba and converted to Christianity during imprisonment. Morris statement about reserves was immediately met with resistance by Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker), a local leader who became a great chief in the 1880s. Very long be what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 the position asked Pitikwahanapiwiyin, have you anything better to offer our people your submission get! Old age care and meet with one another to discuss their approach to government... 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